France-Germany 'forward deterrence' nuclear cooperation with joint exercises

France is operationalizing a new 'forward deterrence' doctrine by integrating Germany and other European partners into nuclear-related planning and exercises, including hosting nuclear-capable Rafales at a German base and involving German conventional forces in France's 'Poker' nuclear exercise. This represents a shift toward multinational basing, refueling, and conventional support roles tied to French nuclear signaling while keeping nuclear decision authority in Paris.